Top results

Fundamentals of Bipolar Disorder Certificate Program

This certificate pairs with the Fundamentals of Bipolar Disorder (BP) article on NP Psych Navigator. Taken together, these resources provide a review of general disease state and treatment information for BP. To aid in the completion of this certificate, the reader is encouraged to consult the American Psychiatric Association (APA) Clinical Practice Guidelines.

Fundamentals of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder can be overlooked or misdiagnosed, which can have consequences for patients and their families. Learn more about the prevalence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of bipolar disorder here. 

Click "Start" to begin. 

This is a non-CME-accredited activity. Log in is required to access the content and obtain the certificate upon completion of the program. 

Introduction to Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is chronic and can affect daily life, including employment,1-3 relationships,3-6 and physical health.7-9 You can make a difference for your patients by providing access to adequate treatment, including pharmacotherapy10-12 and psychotherapy,13-15 and by helping them build a supportive personal and professional care network,16,17 giving them the tools to live fulfilling lives.18-20 
 

What is bipolar disorder?

There is a lot of stigma and misunderstanding surrounding bipolar disorder, making it difficult for patients to accept it as a diagnosis and stick to treatment plans. Understanding what bipolar disorder is and options for management can help provide hope to patients. Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by alternating states of depression and mania or hypomania.21 People with bipolar disorder can also experience episodes of euthymia, during which they have few or no symptoms.22 Typically, depressive episodes last longer than mania or hypomania.23 Bipolar disorder shares characteristics with depressive disorders, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders.21
 

Manic episode/mania 

A mood state that can include an abnormally elevated or irritable mood, hyperactivity, increased self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, being more talkative than usual, and psychosis.21
 

Hypomanic episode/hypomania

A milder form of mania that can include abnormally elevated or irritable mood, increased self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, and being more talkative than usual. Does not include psychosis.21,22
 

Depressive episode/depression

A mood state that can include depression, decreased energy, frequent hypersomnia or insomnia, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt.21

It is common for people with bipolar disorder to experience episodes that include symptoms of the opposite polarity – these are called episodes with mixed features.22,24,25 For more information on mixed features, scroll down to the Diagnosis section of this primer.

Introduction to Bipolar Disorder

Types of bipolar disorder

The DSM-5 has four classifications for bipolar disorder. 
 

Bipolar I

Characterized by both manic and depressive episodes.21,22
 

Bipolar II

Characterized by both hypomanic and depressive episodes.21,22
 

Cyclothymia

Related to bipolar disorder, it features both hypomanic and depressive symptoms that never meet the full criteria for diagnosis of hypomanic or depressive episodes.21 Individuals can also experience impulsive and anxious behaviors.26 
 

Other types of bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder may result from medications, substance use, or another medical disorder. Some individuals may show bipolar-like symptoms that do not fit the criteria for bipolar I, bipolar II, or cyclothymic disorder. These individuals may be given a diagnosis of other specified bipolar and related disorder.21

Introduction to Bipolar Disorder

What is the burden of bipolar disorder?

Prevalence

In the U.S., 1.1% of adults aged 18–64 will be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder and 1.4% will be diagnosed with bipolar II disorder at some point in their lifetime27, with males and females being equally affected. It was estimated that in 2015 there were 2,477,737 adults in the U.S. with bipolar I disorder.28 According to data from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, in 2017, 567,216 adults in the U.S. received a bipolar disorder diagnosis.29
 

Functional Impairment

Your patients with bipolar disorder may experience a decrease in quality of life and have difficulty performing regular tasks, having healthy relationships, and retaining employment,21,30 even during periods of euthymia.21,31 Beyond its effects on mood, people with bipolar disorder can experience cognitive impairment, and people with psychosis can experience a greater decline in cognitive function.31 

Impairments in processing speed, working memory, and attention can lead to difficulties in thinking, focusing, and responding to what is happening around them.31 Your patients may also experience verbal and episodic memory deficiencies and not be able to easily remember words or details of specific events.31 Executive function, such as seeing tasks through from start to finish, may also be negatively impacted.31 People with bipolar disorder may also find it difficult to correctly read the emotions of other people.32

These effects of bipolar disorder can negatively impact relationships32 and may lead to unemployment.33 In 2002, individuals with bipolar disorder lost an average of 27.7 days of work due to absenteeism, and lost the equivalent of 35.3 workdays due to presenteeism (using DSM-IV criteria).34 In 2017, 17.9% of adults with bipolar disorder reported being unemployed.29 People with bipolar disorder may also experience stigma and exclusion in the workplace due to misconceptions about their condition, and this discrimination is associated with higher rates of unemployment.33

Bipolar disorder may impact more than your patient. Caring for a person with bipolar disorder can be time consuming and emotionally challenging. This can lead to financial, physical, and emotional hardships for family or other regular caregivers.28,35,36
 

Comorbidities

Bipolar disorder is associated with many comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, asthma, migraine, and other psychiatric conditions, including substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.37 Comorbid psychiatric disorders are associated with poor response to treatment and an increase in symptom severity.22,38-41 

Substance use disorders, in particular, are strongly associated with bipolar disorder and can increase cognitive defects.42 They can also complicate treatment by increasing the severity of symptoms and decreasing access to care and treatment adherence.39 

Rarely, some medical conditions can cause bipolar disorder, and bipolar disorder symptoms can worsen the original condition and impair treatment.21 While bipolar disorder symptoms may resolve with adequate management of the underlying disease (eg, Cushing’s disease)43,44, people with more permanent conditions (eg, brain injuries) may find it more difficult to manage the symptoms of bipolar disorder.21,45 Other medical conditions that have been found to cause symptoms of bipolar disorder include stroke46, primary psychogenic polydipsia with associated hyponatremia 47, human immunodeficiency virus48, and syphilis.49
 

Suicide risk

People with bipolar disorder, especially those with predominant depressive episodes, are at a greater risk for suicide.50,51 A 2015 Centers for Disease Control survey of 27 states found that 15.2% of people who completed suicide had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.52 A large epidemiologic study found the lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts is 20.9% for people with bipolar I disorder and 15.9% for bipolar II disorder53, and another study found that about 7% will have suicidal ideation at least once in their lifetime.54  

People with bipolar disorder may wait as long as 10 years to receive a correct diagnosis, and delays in receiving adequate treatment can lead to an increased number of suicide attempts and completions (Figure).55 Episodes with depressive features are more strongly associated with an increased number of suicide attempts in people with bipolar disorder.51 People who experience episodes with mixed features have a higher risk of attempting and completing suicide.51,53 It is uncommon for suicide attempts to occur during episodes of mania that do not have any mixed features.51 Because people with bipolar disorder have such an increased risk of suicide, frequently screening patients for potential symptoms is important.22,50 See ‘Diagnosis’ below for more information on screening and assessment.

One study found that the longer a bipolar disorder went untreated, the greater the risk for suicide attempts. People with bipolar disorder who received adequate treatment in 2 years or less from the onset of symptoms  had significantly fewer suicide attempts that those who waited longer than 2 years for adequate treatment.56 

  

Introduction to Bipolar Disorder Quiz

Instructions

  • You must score 80% or above to pass.
  • You will have 3 attempts to take this quiz.
  • Please use the ‘retake’ button to initiate your next attempt.

Your score: 100
You have passed!

1. Which of the following is true about euthymic periods in people with bipolar disorder?


Choose answer

(1 of 5)

2. Based on the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) survey of 27 states, approximately what percentage of people who complete suicide have bipolar disorder?


Choose answer

(2 of 5)

3. Which of the following statements about the US prevalence of bipolar disorder is true?


Choose answer

(3 of 5)

4. Your patient describes experiencing symptoms of mania. Your patient also has an extensive medical history of endocrine and cardiac conditions. Which of the following medical conditions might you need to rule out as possibly causing bipolar disorder before making a diagnosis of bipolar disorder? 


Choose answer

(4 of 5)

5. What is the risk of suicide among people with bipolar disorder who receive early treatment (ie, treatment within 2 years of symptom onset) compared with people who do not receive early treatment?





Choose answer

(5 of 5)

Pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder

What do we know about the causes?

While the causes of bipolar disorder are complex and not completely understood, being informed about its roots are important for diagnosis and treatment. Informing your patients about bipolar disorder can help them accept their diagnosis.57,58 When patients and their families have a better grasp of some of the environmental and social causes, they can better help develop, manage, and find success with their treatment plans.58,59 Scroll down to the Treatment Guidelines and Non-Pharmacological Management sections for more details on treatment options.

Research has shown that both genetic and environmental factors play a role. Bipolar disorder may be as much as 85% heritable, meaning that genetics can account for 85% of the differences in how bipolar disorder presents in different people.60,61 Close relatives of individuals who received a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder have an increased risk of developing the disorder.21,62 No specific genes passed from parent to child appear to be directly associated with bipolar disorder.63 Several genes have been associated with bipolar disorder, including those involved in calcium signal transmission, the glutamatergic system, and histone and immune pathways.64,65 However, more research is needed to understand the role that these pathways play in the development of bipolar disorders.22

While bipolar disorder has neurobiological underpinnings, the exact nature of those processes is not yet clear. Past research has focused on monoamine neurotransmitter systems, such as dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic pathways, but so far no specific causal evidence has been found.22 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has also been researched, with similar results.12,66 More recently, the research focus has shifted to changes to brain synapses and neural plasticity.22 Some additional areas of neurobiological research include inflammation, the role of gut microbiota in inflammatory processes, mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial activation, and epigenetics.12,66-68

Many environmental factors have been associated with the development of bipolar disorders. Children exposed to prenatal maternal smoking and caesarean section delivery are at a higher risk of developing bipolar disorder later in life.69,70 Other risk factors implicated for bipolar disorder include advanced paternal age at conception and childhood trauma—including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.71,72 Cannabis use during adolescence can lead to an earlier onset and increased severity of bipolar disorder, and treatment with some types of antidepressants can induce manic or hypomanic episodes.73-75 Other risk factors may include having an endocrine disorder, experiencing increased light exposure, or undergoing childbirth.7,76-78
Gene-environment interactions are likely a large contributor to the onset and development of bipolar disorder.22,79 While several pathophysiological associations and causes have been investigated, none have yet been identified as leading to bipolar disorder.22 Continuing research is focused on diagnostic criteria to improve early intervention and tailored treatment approaches to different bipolar disorder stages and presentations.22

Pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder Quiz

Instructions

  • You must score 80% or above to pass.
  • You will have 3 attempts to take this test.
  • Please use the ‘retake’ button to initiate your next attempt.

Your score: 100
You have passed!

1. What is the heritability rate of bipolar disorder?


Choose answer

(1 of 5)

2. Based on available research, which of the following environmental factors would be least likely to contribute to the development of bipolar disorder?


Choose answer

(2 of 5)

3. Your patient has bipolar disorder and has questions regarding family planning. They express interest in having children someday but are concerned about their child developing the disorder. Which of the following would be the most appropriate guidance to give them? 


Choose answer

(3 of 5)

4. What role do gene-environment interactions play in the development of bipolar disorder?


Choose answer

(4 of 5)

5. Which of the following is not consistent with the medical literature on contributors to the development of bipolar disorder?


Choose answer

(5 of 5)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be challenging. Typically, the disorder has a complex presentation and many of its symptoms overlap with other mental disorders.21,80 Some people with bipolar disorder may not receive an accurate diagnosis for as long as 10 years. This is particularly true for individuals whose first episode is of a depressive polarity.55,81 As most individuals with bipolar disorder have a first episode of depressive polarity,82-84 major depressive disorder is a frequent misdiagnosis.85,86 Because early intervention is an important factor in a good prognosis,22,55,87 a careful evaluation of the patient’s history and the use of validated screening tools is important, especially in primary care settings where providers may be less familiar with the early signs of bipolar disorder.80,86,88 Nurse practitioners (NP) are likely to encounter and treat many patients who have bipolar disorder, making the NP’s role pivotal in these patients’ lives.80,87,89

The DSM-5 (2013) lists three distinct types of bipolar disorder:

  • Bipolar I disorder: When a person has at least one manic episode. They may also have hypomanic or depressive episodes, but those are not required for a diagnosis.21

  • Bipolar II disorder: When a person has at least one hypomanic and one major depressive episode. The presence of any full manic episodes indicates bipolar I disorder.21

  • Cyclothymic disorder: When a person has frequent periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for hypomanic or major depressive episodes.21 Some people have a long-term cycling pattern between mood states, while others have more rapid fluctuations of mood that include impulsive and anxious behaviors.26 People who have been given a cyclothymic disorder diagnosis may develop bipolar I or II disorder.22,26


Bipolar disorder may be a secondary diagnosis or may present in a way that does not fit into the three above types:

  • Substance/medication-induced bipolar and related disorder or bipolar disorder due to another medical condition (sometimes referred to as secondary mania in the literature): When bipolar-like symptoms are the result of some medications, some medical conditions, or substance intoxication or withdrawal. One important exception is antidepressant-induced mania or hypomania – this indicates a true bipolar disorder diagnosis.21

  • Other specified bipolar and related disorder: When a person has symptoms of bipolar disorder that have a negative impact on their life, yet do not fit the criteria for bipolar I, II, or cyclothymic disorders.21 

  • Unspecified bipolar and related disorder: This diagnosis is used in situations in which a more specific diagnosis may be difficult to make or is undesirable, especially if not enough information is available.21

When considering a bipolar disorder diagnosis for your patients, rule out other causes of the presenting symptoms, such as medication or another medical condition.80 See the end of the Diagnosis section for examples of conditions that can cause bipolar symptoms.

Diagnosis

Signs and symptoms

Talking to your patients

It can be difficult to translate a list of discrete, clinical symptoms to a diagnosis, especially for a sensitive topic such as bipolar disorder. A part of making an accurate diagnosis is asking the right questions. 

Patients may not report symptoms of bipolar disorder, especially symptoms of hypomania or mania, if they do not perceive them to be a problem88, or if they do not think of them as connected to a mental disorder.90 When assessing a patient, it is important for you to ask about specific symptoms in a way that is approachable. Some ways to do this are:

  • Describe symptoms in a way that your patients can relate to in their day-to-day lives. Turning each symptom into a question38 and encouraging detailed responses may help with your patients’ understanding and lead to sharing symptoms they may not have otherwise noticed.90 For example, if asking about elevated self-esteem, one question could be, “Do you recall feeling more attractive than usual? Do you remember having a lot more sexual energy or interest than usual?”38
  • Use the proper screening tools for bipolar disorder, especially when making a differential diagnosis.86,88   
  • Collect a thorough history, including any symptoms of hypomanic, manic, or depressive episodes in close family members.91 Because it takes most people with bipolar disorder anywhere from a year to a decade to get a correct diagnosis91,92, try to get your patient to think about symptoms that may have happened further back than the last few months.
  • Developing a strong relationship with your patient may help to lessen the stigma of a mental disorder diagnosis.93,94 It can also help reduce stress, encourage patients to be involved with their care plan and increase treatment adherence.91,93
  •  Avoid using jargon—using plain language and avoiding technical medical terms will improve your communication with your patient.95 Additionally, using proper terminology may help to lessen the stigma of a mental disorder diagnosis96,97—for example, the term manic-depressive is outdated and associated with a person with severe psychosis.88

Using these methods to communicate the symptoms listed here can be helpful for patient communication and making a diagnosis.

Symptoms of a manic episode21

According to the DSM-5 criteria, a manic episode is when a person is in an unusually energetic, effusive, or irritable mood that lasts a week or longer. To qualify as a manic episode, the mood must be sufficiently severe to cause marked functional impairment, have features of psychosis, or require hospitalization. This mood is accompanied by several additional symptoms:

  • Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • More talkative than usual
  • Racing thoughts
  • Distractibility
  • Increased activity or psychomotor agitation
  • High-risk behavior with potential serious consequences (ie, a shopping spree or sexual indiscretion)
Other symptoms that are associated with mania, but cannot be used exclusively for a diagnosis, include21:
  • Resisting treatment
  • Changes in dress and appearance to attract more attention
  • Perceived increase in sensory sensitivity
  • Aggression and hostile behavior
  • Rapid mood changes
In addition to the above lists, during an acute manic episode the following symptoms may be present92: 
  • Depressive symptoms (mixed symptoms)
  • Psychotic features
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Confusion
  • Violence
  • Regression or catatonia
  • Fecal incontinence

Symptoms of hypomania21

According to the DSM-5 criteria, a hypomanic episode is when a person is in an unusually energetic, effusive, or irritable mood that lasts at least 4 days. This mood is accompanied by several additional symptoms: 

  • Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • More talkative than usual
  • Racing thoughts
  • Distractibility
  • Increased activity or psychomotor agitation 
  • High-risk behavior with potential serious consequences (ie, a shopping spree or sexual indiscretion)

Other symptoms that are associated with hypomania, but cannot be used exclusively for a diagnosis, include21:

  • Impulsivity
  • Increased creativity

Symptoms of major depression21

According to the DSM-5 criteria, a person is experiencing a depressive episode when there is a noticeably depressed mood or loss of interest and pleasure in most activities for at least 2 weeks. This mood is accompanied by several additional symptoms: 

  • Depressed mood for most of each day
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in most activities
  • Decrease or increase in appetite, or a ≥ 5% unintentional increase or decrease in weight in a 1-month period
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation observable by others
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Feelings of worthlessness, or excessive or inappropriate guilt
  • Inability to think, concentrate, or make decisions
  • Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation, having a specific plan for suicide, or a suicide attempt

In addition to the above lists, during an acute depressive episode the following symptoms may be present92: 

  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Loss of libido
  • Physical ailments

Diagnosis

Specifiers

Specifiers are descriptors in the DSM-5 that can be added to a diagnosis of bipolar and related disorders, allowing for the description of additional symptomsa or patterns that are not part of the base diagnosis.22 A patient that has a specifier as a part of their diagnosis is not unusual – rather, the specifiers allow for a more nuanced diagnosis and treatment plan.a

The symptoms in these definitions are adapted from the DSM-5 (2013) so as to avoid any misinterpretation. Please refer to the DSM-5 (2013) published by the American Psychiatric Association for the full diagnostic criteria.

Specifier21
 Definition Can be applied to…
Anxious distress The presence of at least two of the following symptoms for most days of an episode: 
  • Feeling keyed up or tense 
  • Feeling unusually restless 
  • Trouble concentrating because of worry 
  • Fearing that something awful might happe
  • Feeling that the individual will lose self-control 
The number of symptoms determines the severity of the specifier from mild to severe.		 The most recent or current manic, hypomanic, or depressive episode in bipolar I or bipolar II disorder
Atypical features The presence of mood reactivity, when the mood brightens in response to actual or potential positive events, along with at least two of the following symptoms: 
  • Significant increase in appetite or weight gain 
  • Hypersomnia 
  • Leaden paralysis 
  • Pattern of rejection sensitivity that is present regardless of mood state
 The most recent or current episode of depression in bipolar I or bipolar II disorder
Catatonia  Three or more of the following symptoms are present:
  • Stupor, or lack of psychomotor activity 
  • Catalepsy, or being able to be passively put in and then holding a posture against gravity 
  • Waxy flexibility, or little resistance to being positioned 
  • Posturing, or setting and actively maintaining a posture against gravity
  • Mutism, or little to no verbal response
  • Negativism, no response or opposition to instructions or external stimuli 
  • Mannerism, or exhibiting caricatures of normal actions 
  • Agitation that is not a reaction to external stimuli 
  • Grimacing, or inappropriate facial expressions
  • Echolalia, or mimicking the speech of another
  • Echopraxia, or mimicking the movement of another 
 Manic or depressive episode in bipolar I or bipolar II disorder
Melancholic features When the person experiences loss of pleasure in activities or lack of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli, along with at least three of the following symptoms:
  • Depressed mood with profound 
  • Depression that is worse in the morning 
  • Early-morning awakening 
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation
  • Anorexia or significant weight loss
  • Excessive or inappropriate guilt
 During the most severe period of the most recent or current depressive episode in bipolar I or bipolar II disorder
Mixed features If experiencing a hypomanic or manic episode, at least three of the following depressive symptoms are also present: 
  • Dysphoria or prominent depressed mood 
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in activities 
  • Psychomotor retardation
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, planning, or attempt
If experiencing a depressive episode, at least three of the following hypomanic or manic symptoms are also present: 
  • Elevated or expansive mood 
  • Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
  • More talkative than usual
  • Racing thoughts 
  • Increase in energy or goal-directed activity 
  • Involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences 
  • Decreased need for sleep
 The most recent or current manic, hypomanic, or depressive episode in bipolar I or bipolar II disorder
Peripartum onset The onset of the mood episode happens during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks postdelivery. The most recent or current manic, hypomanic, or depressive episode in bipolar I or bipolar II disorder
Psychotic features The presence of delusions or hallucinations during an episode. Manic episodes in bipolar I or bipolar II disorder
Rapid cycling Presence of at least four mood episodes in the past 12 months, separated by partial or full remission for at least 2 months, or by a switch to the opposite mood polarity. Bipolar I or bipolar II disorder. 
Seasonal pattern A long-term pattern of at least one type of mood episode occurs and then subsides or changes corresponding with a particular time of year. This must happen for at least 2 years, with no nonseasonal episodes occurring during that same period. Manic, hypomanic, or depressive episodes in bipolar I or bipolar II disorder

Diagnosis

Diagnostic and screening tools

There are a number of validated scales you can use to assess symptoms related to bipolar disorder. While these scales are useful tools, it is important to make a careful assessment of the whole patient prior to making a diagnosis.38,80 A selection of a diagnostic and screening tools can be found here.

For additional information about the diagnosis process, continue to the Treatment Guidelines section.

Potential differential diagnoses

Bipolar disorder has symptoms that overlap with other mental disorders, and can also be comorbid with many of those disorders, making it difficult to diagnose.21,91 For example, symptoms of some disorders, such as borderline personality disorder and impulse-control disorders, are associated with a misdiagnosis98, but bipolar disorder can also be comorbid with impulse-control disorders.21 This makes a careful evaluation of patient symptoms and history important for proper treatment. Other diagnoses that should be considered prior to making a diagnosis of bipolar I or II disorder include21:

  • Major depressive disorder: While both disorders involve depressive episodes, major depressive disorder can be distinguished from bipolar disorder by screening for a history of hypomanic or manic episodes.38,91
  • Other types of bipolar disorder, including another medical condition, substance, or medication-induced bipolar disorder: examining the timing of bipolar-like symptoms with medical conditions or use of substances or medications can help make an accurate diagnosis. Cyclothymic disorder can be distinguished if the hypomanic or depressive symptoms are not sufficient to be counted as a full episode.91
  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ADHD and bipolar disorder share many symptoms, including emotional lability, impulsivity, and restlessness.99 Interviewing for ADHD-specific symptoms, such as inattention, can help make a diagnosis.99 In addition, bipolar disorder is episodic, whereas ADHD is ongoing and typically does not include decreased need for sleep, hypersexuality, psychotic symptoms, or suicidal thoughts.91
  • Personality disorders: While symptoms such as impulsivity, lack of empathy, grandiosity, or not respecting boundaries can be similar between personality disorders and bipolar disorder, these symptoms happening outside of a manic episode can indicate a personality disorder. Family history, symptom onset, and additional symptoms can also help distinguish a personality disorder from bipolar disorder.91
  • Disorders in which severe irritability is a symptom, if manic or hypomanic episodes are not sufficiently distinct.21

Other diagnoses that should be considered prior to making a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder include21:

  • Other types of bipolar disorder with rapid cycling
  • Bipolar or depressive disorder due to medical condition or induced by a substance or medication: Cyclothymic disorder can be distinguished from bipolar disorder if the hypomanic or depressive symptoms are not sufficient to be counted as a full episode.91
  • Borderline personality disorder: While manic symptoms can be similar to those of borderline personality disorder, unstable relationships with others, fluctuations in mood and self-image, and fear of abandonment can distinguish this diagnosis from cyclothymic disorder.91

Other diagnoses that should be considered prior to making a diagnosis of bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition include21:

  • Delirium, catatonia, or acute anxiety caused by other disorders or medical conditions
  • Depressive or manic symptoms as a result of medication use: examining the timing of bipolar-like symptoms with use or discontinuation of substances or medications can help distinguish this diagnosis.21,91

Medical conditions that have been associated with bipolar disorder symptoms include:

  • Cushing’s disease43,44
  • Brain injuries21,45
  • Stroke46
  • Primary psychogenic polydipsia with associated hyponatremia47
  • Human immunodeficiency virus48
  • Syphilis49 

Diagnosis

Psychiatric comorbidities

Bipolar disorder can also be comorbid with other mental and medical conditions many of which can have similar symptoms.80 It is important that patients receive accurate diagnoses so that they can receive an appropriate treatment option. 




While it can be difficult and take time to diagnose a bipolar disorder, your patients will benefit from your persistence, care, and consideration.

 

Diagnosis Quiz

Instructions

  • You must score 80% or above to pass.
  • You will have 3 attempts to take this quiz.
  • Please use the ‘retake’ button to initiate your next attempt

1. Which of the following would be the correct diagnosis for a patient who experienced mania or hypomania after taking an antidepressant and whose mania or hypomania persisted beyond the physiological effects of the medication?


Choose answer

(1 of 5)

2. Your 20-year-old patient reports recently experiencing symptoms that could be due to a manic or hypomanic episode. However, the symptoms described—such as increased talkativeness and distractibility—could also be due to ADHD. Which of the following must you ask about to make the correct diagnosis?


Choose answer

(2 of 5)

3. According to the DSM-5, before making a diagnosis of bipolar I or bipolar II disorder, it is critical to rule out all of the following mental disorders except:


Choose answer

(3 of 5)

4. Your patient has a history of 2 episodes of mania and 2 episodes of hypomania. Which of the following would be the most appropriate diagnosis?


Choose answer

(4 of 5)

5. If a patient reports experiencing symptoms of leaden paralysis, hypersomnia, and significant weight gain, which bipolar disorder DSM-5 specifier should you consider?





Choose answer

(5 of 5)

Treatment Guidelines

Adequate management of bipolar disorder is important for your patients’ health and well-being.100 A longer period of untreated illness is associated with a worse overall prognosis, including an increased risk of suicide and longer lengths of episodes.22,101-103 There is some evidence that early intervention may improve prognosis and is dependent on timely diagnosis and treatment. However, the staged treatment model—treating mental disorders differently based on how much the disorder has progressed—is still new, and more research is needed to understand how it can be used to benefit patients with bipolar disorder.22,100 

The following treatment guidelines were selected using an objective and systematic, but not exhaustive, process (see below for the methodology used). These guidelines are for educational use only. Abbvie Inc was not involved in the development of the guidelines listed below and does not endorse the use of any specific guidelines. As NP Psych Navigator is a resource for US healthcare providers, we have only included guidelines from US based organizations. They are provided here for your convenience in alphabetical order. Healthcare providers should use their clinical judgement to determine which guidelines are appropriate for use in their clinical practice. 


Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorder104

  • Supporting organization: American Psychiatric Association
  • Published: 2002
  • Description: These guidelines were based on a comprehensive literature review and clinical consensus from a working group of clinical and research psychiatrists. Guidelines were targeted towards patients who are older than 18 years, used criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and pertained to the treatment of bipolar I and II disorders. Treatment guidance was for both acute and maintenance treatment, and included the treatment of manic episodes, mixed episodes, depressive episodes, rapid cycling (considered a separate diagnosis in the DSM-IV), patient and family education, treatment adherence, functional impairment, and lifestyle changes. The guidelines also included information on clinical features that may affect treatment, including gender, pregnancy, age, and psychiatric and physical comorbidities.
  • Grading: Evidence was evaluated by clinical consensus. Recommendations were categorized from level 1 (substantial clinical confidence) to level 3 (may be useful for individual circumstances).

Methodology for Guideline Selection

On April 16, 2020, the following search string was entered into the PubMed database:
(bipolar[Title/Abstract]) AND (treatment[Title/Abstract]) AND (guideline*[Title] OR guidance[Title]). The search was limited to PubMed, the most commonly used medical publications database in the world, to ensure that this list can be consistently maintained and updated.  
Results were restricted to those publications from the year 2000 to the date of the search, those published in English, and those indexed as article type, “Practice Guideline.” This search returned 26 results. These results were screened in depth according to the following exclusion criteria: articles that were not guidelines for clinical practice, such as research or study results, guidelines that had a published update (ie, only the most recent version of a set of guidelines were included), guidelines from any entity other than an established, professional clinical organization or a group of said organizations, guidelines from any non-US organization, guidelines that did not report their process for grading and evaluating recommendations, guidelines written for the use of a specific pharmacological or nutraceutical treatment, guidelines that are not available for free, guidelines for bipolar disorders secondary to another condition, and guidelines for conditions other that bipolar disorder.

This list will be updated annually. 

Treatment Quiz

Instructions

  • You must score 80% or above to pass.
  • You will have 3 attempts to take this quiz.
  • Please use the ‘retake’ button to initiate your next attempt.

1. Which of the following organizations has a published treatment guideline for bipolar disorder?


Choose answer

(1 of 5)

2. Which of the following is true about the staged model of treatment for bipolar disorder?


Choose answer

(2 of 5)

3. A longer duration of untreated bipolar disorder is associated with _________.


Choose answer

(3 of 5)

4. According to the American Psychiatric Association’s treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder, which clinical feature that influences treatment planning is not discussed? 


Choose answer

(4 of 5)

5. Which of the following statements about initiating early treatment is most accurate? 


Choose answer

(5 of 5)

Non-Pharmacological Management for Bipolar Disorder

For many of your patients, bipolar disorder episodes can be distressing.58 They can disrupt education,59 job paths,33 financial stability,21 relationships,32 and dreams for the future.105 But maintaining wellness can be equally as difficult.106

You may even hear your patients describe wellness as requiring concerted effort58,106—a balancing act of establishing routines,107 prioritizing their health,108,109 getting enough sleep,110 and regularly taking medications.57 This illness is incurable but can be manageable for many patients. When used with pharmacotherapy, nonpharmacological management such as psychotherapy and lifestyle changes can help patients feel more in control of their symptoms.111,112


What are the benefits of psychotherapy?

Research shows that other types of treatments can be beneficial in addition to medication.22 Psychotherapists and peer-support groups can help patients better understand their condition, and reshape adverse thoughts or behaviors.111 Types of psychotherapy that have helped people with bipolar disorder are:

Cognitive behavioral therapy

  • May reduce relapse rates, especially for people with bipolar I disorder.13,113,114 It may also help reduce the frequency and severity of depressive and manic symptoms115 and improve relationships and lifestyle satisfaction.116

Dialectical behavioral therapy

  • May improve emotional regulation for people with bipolar disorder and may reduce depressive and manic symptoms.117-119

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy

  • May reduce both depressive and hypomanic symptoms.120 It may also help prevent the onset of new episodes.121

Non-Pharmacological Management for Bipolar Disorder

Which lifestyle modifications help with bipolar disorder?

There is no cure for bipolar disorder, but it is treatable.22 Recovery is not an endpoint, but a continuous process that focuses on resilience and staying in control.105 While return to premorbid functioning is not attainable for many patients, investment in actions that boost health and energy, continuing to take medications as prescribed, finding meaning in life, and making life changes can help them lead full lives.22,105,122 Discussing these changes with your patients can help them make the right choices for their needs.

Education

Teaching patients about their medications, including potential interactions with other medications, has been shown to improve treatment adherence and quality of life.111,123
 

Substance use

Limiting alcohol consumption has been shown to reduce the number of manic and depressive episodes.124 Avoiding caffeine and other mood-altering substances can also be beneficial.111
 

Healthy diet

Having a well-balanced diet with more whole foods and limiting sugar intake can reduce the number of manic and depressive episodes.111,124,125
 

Sleep hygiene

Developing good sleep hygiene, especially a regular schedule, can reduce mania and is thought to reduce the progression of bipolar disorder.111,126-128
 

Exercise

Performing regular exercise may reduce mood symptoms. Aerobic exercise is thought to be especially beneficial.111,125,129

 

Routines

Keeping to a regular schedule helps to create structure, manage potential stressors, and reduce episode recurrence.111,121 Investing in volunteering or a hobby can be helpful in maintaining a schedule, especially if paid employment is not possible.111

Non-Pharmacological Management for Bipolar Disorder

How can patients plan?

Patients integrate their bipolar disorder diagnosis into their lives and identities in different ways.58 Some share their diagnosis with friends and family to build support networks, while others worry about stigma and prefer to manage their moods privately.130 Regardless of approach, proper planning can help mitigate the more difficult aspects of the illness, such as when a depressive episode leads to suicidal ideation or mania leads to spending sprees.111

Prevention and management tactics can help patients feel better equipped to cope with bipolar disorder. Identifying and controlling stressors, symptoms, and crisis situations can also help patients with bipolar disorder management.111 You can help your patients plan:
 

Symptom tracking

Tracking symptoms, stressors, and treatment effects can help. Identify triggers, indicators of developing symptoms, and methods to reduce and control symptoms. Mood and life charting can also help prevent recurrence.111,131 Some evidence suggests frequent use of validated mood evaluation scales can help with early detection of episodes.132
 

Family and friends

Having a supportive social network of trusted people who have learned about bipolar disorder is associated with fewer total episodes and hospitalizations.111,133
 

Budgeting

Using budget calculators and online tools such as automatic bill payments and spending notifications can help patients stay on top of their finances. Patients may also find it helpful to have trusted friends or family help monitor spending through formal (eg, power of attorney) and informal methods.134
 

Planning for the future

Patients can ease stress and worry about a potential crisis by having an emergency plan. Relapse prevention and crisis plans can reduce both voluntary and compulsory hospitalization.135 Suggest that your patients make a short list to keep in a wallet or on a phone that contains contact information for the patient’s support network (doctors, nurse practitioners, family members, etc.).111 A plan may also include having a list of crisis hotlines and emergency walk-in centers for mental health.111 

Non-Pharmacological Management Quiz

Instructions

  • You must score 80% or above to pass.
  • You will have 3 attempts to take this quiz.
  • Please use the ‘retake’ button to initiate your next attempt.

1. Which type of psychotherapy may be especially helpful for patients with bipolar disorder in regulating their emotions and reducing depressive and/or manic symptoms?





Choose answer

(1 of 5)

2. Which of the following statements about non-pharmacological therapy for bipolar disorder is most accurate?


Choose answer

(2 of 5)

3. Why should you counsel your patients with bipolar disorder on avoiding excessive alcohol use?


Choose answer

(3 of 5)

4. Which of the following may be a benefit of keeping a daily symptom chart for patients with bipolar disorder?


Choose answer

(4 of 5)

5. Which of the following is true regarding cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for bipolar disorder?





Choose answer

(5 of 5)

Final Test

You have submitted this quiz. You may not take the quiz again.

Instructions

  • You must score 80% or above to pass.
  • You will have 3 attempts to take this test.
  • Please use the ‘retake’ button to initiate your next attempt.

1. Bipolar disorder is most commonly initially misdiagnosed as which of the following mental health conditions?


Choose answer

(1 of 10)

2. Your patient describes experiencing episodes of grandiosity, inflated self-esteem, and racing thoughts that last for a week. However, these symptoms do not interfere with their ability to work, socialize, or complete daily tasks. Based on this, your patient meets criteria for which mood episode and why?





Choose answer

(2 of 10)

3. Which of the following statements about the treatment of bipolar disorder is true?





Choose answer

(3 of 10)

4. Approximately what percentage of people with bipolar I disorder will experience a suicide attempt in their lifetime?


Choose answer

(4 of 10)

5. You are conducting a clinical interview of a new patient. According to the American Psychiatric Association, which of the following makes your patient at lowest risk of suicide?


Choose answer

(5 of 10)

6. Which of the following medical comorbidities is associated with bipolar disorder?





Choose answer

(6 of 10)

7. Approximately what percent of patients with bipolar disorder also have anxiety disorders?


Choose answer

(7 of 10)

8. Your patient describes experiencing symptoms of a manic episode as well as fatigue, anhedonia, feelings of guilt, and thoughts of death. Your patient likely meets criteria for which bipolar and related disorders specifier?


Choose answer

(8 of 10)

9. How long after symptom onset does it typically take for people with bipolar disorder to receive the correct diagnosis?





Choose answer

(9 of 10)

10. What makes diagnosing bipolar disorder so challenging?


Choose answer

(10 of 10)

Congratulations

You have completed this certificate program.

Download your Certificate

Thank you for viewing this course!

Unfortunately, you are not eligible to receive a certificate at this time.

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

  2. Stone D, Simon TR, Fowler KA, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: trends in state suicide rates – United States, 1999–2016 and circumstances contributing to suicide – 27 states, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(22).
  3. Garnett MF, Curtin SC, Stone DM. Suicide mortality in the United States, 2000–2020. NCHS Data Brief, no 433. National Center for Health Statistics; 2022.
  4. Dome P, Zoltan R, Gonda X. Suicide risk in bipolar disorder: a brief review. Medicina. 2019;55(8). doi:10.3390/medicina55080403
  5. Cai H, Xie XM, Zhang Q, et al. Prevalence of suicidality in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Front Psychiatry. 2021. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.690130
  6. Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson N, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen HU. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2012;21(3):169-184. doi:10.1002/mpr.1359
  7. Tsai WT, Tsai SJ, Yang AC. Cyclic Cushing’s syndrome mimicking bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;70:71-73. doi:10.1111/pcn.12363
  8. Ummar S, Rajaraman V, Loganathan N. Cushing's syndrome presenting as treatment-resistant bipolar affective disorder: a step in understanding endocrine etiology of mood disorders. Indian J Psych. 2015;57(2):200-202.
  9. Altamura AC, Dell’Osso B, Berlin HA, Buoli M, Bassetti R, Mundo E. Duration of untreated illness and suicide in bipolar disorder: a naturalistic study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;260:385-391. doi:10.1007/s00406-009-0085-2
  10. McGuffin P, Rijsdijk F, Andrew M, Sham P, Katz R, Cardno A. The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:497-502.
  1. O’Connell KS, Coombes BJ. Genetic contributions to bipolar disorder: current status and future directions. Psychol Med. 2021;51:2156–2167. doi:10.1017/S0033291721001252
  2. Gordovez FJA, McMahon FJ. The genetics of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:544-559. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0634-7
  3. Talati A, Bao Y, Kaufman J, Shen L, Schaefer CA, Brown AS. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and bipolar disorder in offspring. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(10): 1178–1185. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12121500
  4. Larsson S, Aas M, Klungsøyr O, et al. Patterns of childhood adverse events are associated with clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:97.
  5. Frans E, Sandin S, Reichenberg A, Lichtenstein P, Långström N, Hultman CM. Advancing paternal age and bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(9).
  6. Rowland TA, Marwaha S. Epidemiology and risk factors for bipolar disorder. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2018;8(9):251-269. doi:10.1177/2045125318769235
  7. Harrison PJ, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM. The emerging neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Trends Neurosci. 2017;41(1):18-30. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.10.006
  8. Vieta E, Berk M, Schulze TG, et al. Bipolar disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(18008):1-16.
  9. Muneer A. Neurobiology of bipolar disorder: an integrated approach. Chonnam Med J. 2016;52:18-37. doi:10.4068/cmj.2016.52.1.18
  10. Flowers SA, Ward KM, Clark CT. The gut microbiome in bipolar disorder and pharmacotherapy management. Neuropsychobiology. 2020;79:43-49. doi:10.1159/000504496
  11. Rocha MV, Nery F, Galvao-de-Almeida A, de Castro Quarantini L, Miranda-Scippa A. Neuroplasticity in bipolar disorder: insights from neuroimaging. Intech Open. 2017.
  12. De Hert M, Detraux J, Vancampfort D. The intriguing relationship between coronary heart disease and mental disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018;20(1):31-39.
  13. Kitsune GL, Kuntsi J, Costello H, et al. Delineating ADHD and bipolar disorder: a comparison of clinical profiles in adult women. J Affect Disord. 2016;192:125-133. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.024
  14. Salvi V, Ribuoli E, Servasi M, Orsolini L, Volpe U. ADHD and bipolar disorder in adulthood: clinical and treatment implications. Medicina. 2021;57(5). doi:10.3390/medicina57050466
  15. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2018;20:97-170.
  16. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorder. 2nd ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2010.
  17. Rios AC, Noto MN, Rizzo LB, et al. Early stages of bipolar disorder: characterization and strategies for early intervention. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2015;37:343-349. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1620
  18. Medeiros GC, Senco SB, Lafer B, Almeida KM. Association between duration of untreated bipolar disorder and clinical outcome: data from a Brazilian sample. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2016;38:6-10. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1680
  19. Berk M, Hallam K, Malhi GS, et al. Evidence and implications for early intervention in bipolar disorder. J Ment Health. 2010;19(2):113-126. doi:10.3109/09638230903469111
  20. Vieta E, Salagre E, Grande I, et al. Early intervention in bipolar disorder. Am J Psych. 2018;175(5):411-426.
  21. Pfenning A, Leopold K, Martini J, et al. Improving early recognition and intervention in people at increased risk for the development of bipolar disorder: study protocol of a prospective-longitudinal, naturalistic cohort study (Early-BipoLife). Int J Bipolar Disord. 2020;8:22. doi:10.1186/s40345-020-00183-4
  22. Zargar F, Haghshenas N, Rajabi F, Tarrahi MJ. Effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy on executive function, emotional control and severity of symptoms in patients with bipolar I disorder. Adv Biomed Res. 2019;8:59.
  23. Eisner L, Eddie D, Harley R, Jacobo M, Nirenberg AA, Deckersbach T. Dialectical behavior therapy group skills training for bipolar disorder. Behav Ther. 2017;48(4):557–566. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.12.006
  24. McCormick U, Murray B, McNew B. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: a review for advanced practice nurses. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2015;27:530-542. doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12275
  25. McIntyre R, Calabrese JR. Bipolar depression: the clinical characteristics and unmet needs of a complex disorder. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(11):1993-2005. doi:10.1080/03007995.2019.163601
  26. Jacob KS. Recovery model of mental illness: a complementary approach to psychiatric care. Indian J Psychol Med. 2015;37:117-9.
  27. Huang J, Yuan CM, Xu XR, et al. The relationship between lifestyle factors and clinical symptoms of bipolar disorder patients in a Chinese population. Psychiatry Res. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.059
  28. Rakofsky JJ, Dunlop BW. Do alcohol use disorders destabilize the course of bipolar disorder? J Affect Disord. 2013;145:1-10. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.012
  29. Grunze H, Schaefer M, Scherk H, Born C, Preuss UW. Comorbid bipolar and alcohol use disorder – a therapeutic challenge. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660432
  30. Yasui-Furukori N, Nakamura K. Bipolar disorder recurrence prevention using self-monitoring daily mood charts: case reports from a 5 year period. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:733-736.
  31. da Costa RT, Cheniaux E, Rosaes PL, Carvalho M. The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy in treating bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled study. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2011;33(2):144-149. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462011000200009
  32. Chiang KJ, Tsai JC, Liu D, Lin CH, Chiu HL, Chou KR. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients with bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(5):e0176849.
  33. Kriebel-Gasparro AM. Advanced practice registered nurses: gateway to screening for bipolar disorder in primary care. Open Nurs J. 2016;10(suppl 1):59-72. doi:10.2174/187443460160101059
  34. Baldessarini RJ, Forte A, Selle V. Morbidity in depressive disorders. Psychother Psychosom. 2017;86:65-72. doi:10.1159/000448661
  35. Yamada Y, Matsumoto M, Iijima K, Sumiyoshi T. Specificity and continuity of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: relation to biomarkers. Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26:191-200.
  36. del Mar Bonnin C, Reinares M, Martinez-Aran A, et al. Improving functioning, quality of life, and well-being in patients with bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;22(8):467-477. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyz018
  37. Maassen EF, Reeger BJ, Reeger EJ, Bunders JFG, Kupka RW. The challenges of living with bipolar disorder: a qualitative study of the implications for health care and research. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2018;6(23). doi:10.1186/s40345-018-0131-y
  38. Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Pinna M, Nunez N, Vazquez GH. Suicidal risk factors in major affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2019. doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.167
  39. Patel RS, Virani S, Saeed H, Nimmagadda S, Talukdar J, Youssef NA. Gender differences and comorbidities in U.S. adults with bipolar disorder. Brain Sci. 2018;8(9).
  40. Bobo WV. The diagnosis and management of bipolar I and II disorders: clinical practice update. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(10):1532-1551.
  41. Salloum IM, Brown ES. Management of comorbid bipolar disorder and substance use disorders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2017;43(4):366-376.
  42. Spoorthy MS, Chakrabarti S, Grover S. Comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: an overview of trends in research. World J Psychiatr. 2019;9(1):7-29.
  43. American Psychiatric Association. Mixed Features Specifier. 2013.
  44. Cha B, Kim JH, Ha TH, Chang JS, Ha K. Polarity of the first episode and time to diagnosis of bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Invest. 2009;6:96-101.
  45. Fountoulakis KN, Young A, Yatham L, et al. The International College of Neuropsychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), part 1: background and methods of the development of guidelines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;20(2):98-120. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw091

This resource is intended for educational purposes only and is intended for US healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals should use independent medical judgment. All decisions regarding patient care must be handled by a healthcare professional and be made based on the unique needs of each patient.

ABBV-US-00968-MC, Version 1.0
Approved 05/2023
AbbVie Medical Affairs

Recommended on NP Psych Navigator

Fundamentals of Major Depressive Disorder

Disease Primer

Fundamentals of Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most recognized mental disorders in the United States. Learn more about the prevalence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of MDD here.
State-Dependent Differences in Emotion Regulation Between Unmedicated Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder

Clinical Article

State-Dependent Differences in Emotion Regulation Between Unmedicated Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder

Rive et al use functional MRI to look at some of the differences between patients with bipolar depression and major depressive disorder.
Unrecognized Bipolar Disorder in Patients With Depression Managed in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Clinical Article

Unrecognized Bipolar Disorder in Patients With Depression Managed in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Daveney et al explore the characteristics of patients with mixed symptoms, as compared to those without mixed symptoms, in both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

Welcome To NP Psych Navigator

This website is intended for healthcare professionals inside the United States.
Please confirm that you are a healthcare professional inside the US.

No, I am not US Healthcare professional

You are now leaving NP Psych Navigator

Links to sites outside of NP Psych Navigator are provided as a resource to the viewer. AbbVie Inc accepts no responsibility for the content of non-AbbVie linked sites.

Redirect to:

Please to bookmark content